The butterfly effect: collateral damage and impacts of antimicrobial strategies on the oral microbiome

Antimicrobial strategies in the oral cavity, such as mouthwashes, toothpastes, and dietary additives, are widely used for maintaining dental health. However, these interventions can unintentionally disrupt the delicate balance of the oral microbiome. Such disruptions may promote the spread of antimicrobial-resistance genes and enable harmful dysbiosis. These effects can influence not only oral health but also systemic health outcomes. The review highlights the need to carefully evaluate and regulate antimicrobial use in oral care to minimize long-term risks.